Deconstructing the Third Front

Deconstructing the third base scarerDaniel St as yet BressnerAfter ecstasys spent cultivating scotch growth along its eastern seaboard, the PRCs western interior is rapidly developing. In Sichuan province, subgenus subgenus Chengdu alone is now home to over 1,000 U.S. companies including full general Electric and Mazda.1 However, one of the most ambitious efforts to industrialize western mainland chinaware actu entirelyy took place decades earlier. In a sweeping project know as the threesome cause, central government planners reconfigured the economy of western provinces, with a special emphasis on de fense industrialization. This paper provides an overview of the inter discip television channel factors that guide to the creation of the trey front man and its key projects. Furthermore, it analyzes the economic strategies use upd by the Chinese government during this outcome to complete these projects.BackgroundThe third scarecrow, or da sanxian, derives its name from a exploitation concept put former Mao confidant Lin Biao, who became Minister of defense mechanism in 1959. In a speech in 1962 known as the 7,000 Cadres Conference, Lin pushed for the military castle of Anhui Province as a safety measure in shimmy the government needed to retreat from its eastern seaboard.2 While chinaware approach a myriad of inter interior(a) crises during the 1960s, Lins speech was most relate with a possible attack on mainland Chinese cities by Kuomintang (KMT) forces in the aftermath of the Great Leap Forward. In 1964, Mao himself played in active role in revising the 3rd Five family Plan so that it would emphasize national defense.3 The final version advancedlighted the menace of looming war and called for increased development in transport root word, science and technology, and national defense.4While Lin was focused on the KMT, Maos preoccupation was the growth American military presence in Southeast Asia. China prentice Barry Naughton is one of the leading researchers on the political economy of the triplet Front. He identifies the Gulf of Tonkin incident, and subsequent start of the Vietnam War, as the primary catalyst for the acceleration of the triad Front development system.5 From 1964 to 1971, the combination of defense concerns over the KMT, fall in kingdoms, and Soviet Union all created an environment politically conducive to intensifier defense development.Structure Key ProjectsThe primary objective of the Third Front was establish an enti curse self-sufficient industrial base that China could rely on in the event of war. If eastern coastal cities the likes of yarn-dye were attacked, the area surrounding Suzhou could work as a Second Front. A massive stretch of unsmooth terrain that included parts of Guizhou, Qinghai, Gansu, Yunnan and Sichuan provinces would serve as the Third Front.6 Chinas nascent nuclear weapons program, including the Lanzhou Gaseous dispersion Plant, also fell under the territor y designated as the Third Front.7 discover 1 illustrates the geographic voices of the project.Fig. 1 The regions of the Third Front grouped by phase. Source Naughton, The Third Front, 354.While there were several high-profile projects in the original phase of the Third Front, which liveed until 1969, this paper emphasizes the creation of transportation meshs in the region that revolutionized how resources were moved across western China. Naughton claims that the Panzhihua iron and steel interlocking was the gravestone of the Third Front.8 Maos own statements during the 1960s support this view. In 1964, Mao told a meeting of the Communist Partys key Committee Unless Panzhihua Steel Plant is fully developed, I cannot go to calm at night. If there is no Panzhihua Steel Plant, I will piddle to ride a donkey to my meetings.9 However, this project could not exist without the development of caterpillar tread infrastructure. Development was accelerated on rail crinkles in the s outhwestern, with the Chongqing-Guiyang and Chengdu-Kunming lines, spotless in 1965 and 1970 respectively, being the most Copernican in linking the region together. The Chengdu-Kunming line alone equal 3.3 billion yuan, or nearly 21% of the national budget for capital eddy in 1965.10 The first phase of the Panzhihua complex cost an estimated 3.74 billion yuan.11The factories and labor serviced by this new rail ne twork were brought into the region using a strategy known as yi fen wei er, or one divided into two, which Naughton likens to an economic mitosis.12 Tsinghua University students Bin Xu and Linxing Xiao use the Panzhihua complex as an example to demonstrate how this concept worked. If there were two sets of equipment, move one to Panzhihua. If there was only one set, move it to Panzhihua.13 This estimate was replicated for manpower, technical know-how, and financial enthronisation from across China. Factories on Chinas eastern seaboard would send a significant portion of their resources to the southwest and be left responsible for making up the difference in capability, whereas the newly transplanted western workforce received redundant state enthronement to accelerate development. Figure 2 shows the massive spike of state investment in Sichuan province following the prioritization of Panzhihua after 1964.Fig 2 State investment into Sichuan province from 1964 to 1972. Source China Geo-Explorer, All China information Center, http//china infoonline.org/cgepublic/cityclient33/.The second phase of the Third Front, lasting from 1969 to 1972, occurred under the shadow of continually deteriorating relations with the USSR. The focus of the second phase was on machine building, with its centerpiece project being the No. 2 auto Plant in Shiyang, in Hubei provinces northwest region.14 Reflecting the security concerns of the central government, additional plants in the area were hidden deep in mountain valleys and even caves to minimize potential damage from airstrikes. Three critical rail lines were constructed during this period in order to facilitate the transit of labor and material resources the Luoyang-Yangtze, Hunan-Guizhou, and Chongqing to Wuhan (via Ankang) connections.15 The Third Fronts national significance, and level of national investment, was as high as 45% in 1966, but dropped again as the decade came to a close.16 The total proportion of national investment into the Third Front during the Fourth Five-Year Plan, from 1971-75, was 41.1%.17 From 1971 onwards, changes in the larger political environment lead to a dismantling of many of the Third Fronts ongoing construction operations. Domestically, the fall of program architect Lin Biao played a role. However, more important was the softening and eventual normalization of diplomatic relations with the United States, whose precedent perception as a strategic threat was a study justification for the entire Third Front.Impact and Legacy economic data on the total gove rnment investment during the Third Front is strong to calculate, in part because projects that fell under the militarys jurisdiction, like development of the Chinese nuclear program, were not included alongside first-string construction data. C.Z. Lin, drawing from anonymous Chinese sources, estimates that total investment was two hundred billion yuan.18 The two largest companies to establish developed out of the Third Front era are Panzhihua Steel and Dongfeng Motor Corporation, the latter of which stems from Shiyangs Automobile Plant No 2. Dongfeng, Chinas second largest automobile producer, affix a 2012 net income of $1.3 billion USD. Swedish automobile firm Volvo bought a 45% stake in the company the following year.19One of the lasting positive legacies of the Third Front era is the existence of rail infrastructure across Chinas western provinces, which were an inevitable step send on in linking the regions economy with the rest of the country. Despite this, the trend in which these projects were undertaken dramatically inflated their costs and misallocated resources. Historian Robert Cliver notes that the decision to take aim Third Front rail lines a priority above all others diverted progress from the rest of the countrys national rail network. The result was that cost per kilometer of rail infrastructure on Third Front projects was five to six times the national average.20 The largest source of developmental issues within the Third Front likely came not from the sheer cost of the project, or even from its remote location. While these were serious issues, the construction principle of sanbian, or what Naughton identifies as three simultaneous, was the most damaging.21 This concept of at the same time designing a site, constructing it, and producing from it ensured that proper site planning was often not conducted. More importantly, it led to additional costs from avoidable errors that slowed down boilers suit production. An additional 40 milli on yuan was pumped into the Chengdu-Kunming rail line from the late 1970s to the mid-1980s to provide the manpower necessary to fix label deficiencies.22If the Third Front era is judged purely on whether it made China more prepared for war with the U.S. or the Soviet Union, it can be regarded as successfully accomplishing its key objectives. It spurred investment into Chinas mountainous west, led to the fortification of industrial sites, and generally created an economic base intentional to support an extended war on the mainland. It fulfilled the purposefully shady objective set out in the State Planning flushs Third Five Year Plan, which sought to strengthen national defense and make breakthroughs in technology.23However, the Third Front development strategy was based on short-term strategic concerns at the cost of long economic growth. Projects with flawed designs and the drawing away of wealth from Chinas eastern seaboard made the Third Front an undeniable economic failure. Naughton draws on statistical analysis conducted by Chinese economist Chen Dongsheng to illustrate the misallocation of resources that drew growth away from the east coast. Using Chens data, Naughton estimates that Chinas industrial output is 10-15% below what it would have been if the Third Front had never been undertaken.24 Thus, while the Third Front was an economically unviable project that placed a heavy burden on the Chinese economy, it demonstrates how seriously Mao took the perceived strategic encirclement the country was liner from the United States, Republic of China forces, and the Soviet Union. Further analysis of the Third Front is a valuable endeavor for those studying both Chinas economy and the history of its international relations.Works CitedBramall, Chris. Chinese Economic Development. London Routledge, 2008.China Internet Information Center. The Third Five-year Plan (1966-1970). China.org.cn. brook special whitethorn 21st 2007, http//www.china.org.cn/english/ MATERIAL/157608.htm.Cliver, Robert. Third Front Policy. In the Berkshire Encyclopedia of China, edited by Linsun Cheng, Kerry Brown, Winberg Chai, Xiejun Chen, and Karen Christensen, 2244-2247. Great Barrington Berkshire Publishing Group, 2009.Dickie, putz. Sichuan A Land of Abundance and Opportunities. The Seattle Times, January 21st 2014. http//blogs.seattletimes.com/opinionnw/2014/01/21/sichuan-a-land-of-abundance-and-opportunities/Lin, C.Z. appointment implications of defence cutbacks in China. In refutation Expenditure, Industrial Conversion, and Local Employment, edited by Liba Paukert, 189-204. geneva world-wide Labor Office, 1991.Mohanty, Deba R. The Chinese Security Dilemma in the mid-fifties and 1960s bosh of the Third Front. Institute for Defense Studies and Analysis, January 17th 2011. http//www.idsa-india.org/an-jan-4.html.Naughton, Barry. The Third Front Defense Industrialization in the Chinese Interior. The China quarterly 115, September (1988) 351-386.Pike, po t. Lanzhou Chinese Nuclear Forces. Federation of American Scientists. Last change May 12th 2000, http//www.fas.org/nuke/guide/china/facility/lanzhou.htm.Tejada, Carlos. truck Maker Volvo Sets Alliance to Enter China. The beleaguer Street Journal, January 27th 2013. http//online.wsj.com/ intelligence agency/articles/SB10001424127887324039504578264611071184722.Xu, Bin and Linxing Xiao. Planning and social system History of Panzhihua during the Three-Front Strategy Period Backgrounds, Process, and Mechanism. (paper presented at the 15th International Historical Planning Society, Sao Paolo, Brazil, July 15th-18th, 2009).Page 11Lance Dickie, Sichuan A Land of Abundance and Opportunities, The Seattle Times, last modified January 21st 2014, http//blogs.seattletimes.com/opinionnw/2014/01/21/sichuan-a-land-of-abundance-and-opportunities/2 Deba R. Mohanty, The Chinese Security Dilemma in the 1950s and 1960s Story of the Third Front, Institute for Defense Studies and Analysis, January 17 th 2011.3 Barry Naughton, The Third Front Defense Industrialization in the Chinese Interior, The China Quarterly 115, September (1988) 353.4 The Third Five-year Plan (1966-1970), China Internet Information Center China.org.cn, last modified May 21st 2007, http//www.china.org.cn/english/MATERIAL/157608.htm.5 Naughton, The Third Front, 369.6 Naughton, The Third Front, 354.7 John Pike, Lanzhou Chinese Nuclear Forces, Federation of American Scientists, last modified May 12th 2000, http//www.fas.org/nuke/guide/china/facility/lanzhou.htm.8 Naughton, The Third Front, 357.9 Chris Bramall, Chinese Economic Development (London Routledge, 2008), 268.10 Naughton, The Third Front, 358.11 Ibid.12 Ibid., 356.13 Bin Xu and Linxing Xiao, Planning and Construction History of Panzhihua During the Three-Front Strategy Period Backgrounds, Process, and Mechanism (paper presented at the 15th International Historical Planning Society, Sao Paolo, Brazil, July 15th-18th, 2009).14 Robert Cliver, Third Front Policy, in the Berkshire Encyclopedia of China, ed. by Linsun Cheng et al. (Great Barrington Berkshire Publishing Group, 2009) 2246.15 Naughton, The Third Front, 359.16 C.Z Lin, Employment implications of defence cutbacks in China, in Defense Expenditure, Industrial Conversion, and Local Employment, ed. by Liba Paukert (Geneva International Labor Office, 1991) 202.17 Naughton, The Third Front, 365.18 Lin, Employment implications of defence cutbacks in China, 201.19 Carlos Tejada, Truck Maker Volvo Sets Alliance to Enter China, The Wall Street Journal, January 27th 2013, http//online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887324039504578264611071184722.20 Cliver, Third Front Policy, 2247.21 Naughton, The Third Front, 376.22 Naughton, The Third Front, 376.23 The Third Five-year Plan (1966-1970), China Internet Information Center China.org.cn, last modified May 21st 2007, http//www.china.org.cn/english/MATERIAL/157608.htm.24 Naughton, The Third Front, 379.

A Report On International Marketing Strategy Marketing Essay

A Report On International selling Strategy Marketing EssayThis paper foc recitations on the international marketing dodging of two companies ane direct in the developing do master(prenominal) and one direct in both the real and developing worlds. These be Spice Jet, operating in India just and JetBlue airways, operating in regular army, Mexico and interchange America.Jet blue is a execrable woo service provider in the air hose indus punctuate. JetBlue headquarters be situated in the timberland Hills near New York. Their major operations argon in the linked States, Mexico and Central America. In unspoilt five years, JetBlue has become one of the closely profitable start-up air passage businesss. They have managed to be profitable during the present recession.JetBlue draws in a very competitive base f ar sector of the airway industry. The military position of JetBlue has been done as an affordable and quality airline with extra facilities. JetBlues chief oper ating officer David Neelemen and a few Southwest Airlines employees. The second most important matter after security is client service for JetBlue Training staff, and this very headspring justifies what Mr. G beth Edmondson-Jones, VP of Corporate Communications JetBlue said- We want to bring humanity back to airline actuate. Its not enough just to launch a low-fargon airline that finish be unsold by big carriers1. According to 2008 reports there atomic number 18 to a greater extent than 10,000 employees working for JetBlue and 134 aircrafts to 54 destinations in 6 countries. market outline of JetBlue Reaching the CustomerWithin the initial 2 years, JetBlue established a widely recognized brand name. They likewise have a customer loyalty program comen as True Blue2. JetBlue mainly competes with its competitors on high quality service provided by its employees3. It has been positioned as a low cost and high quality service provider. To keep its operations cost engagementfu l JetBlues fleet consists of only one type of aircrafts i.e. AIRBUS A320 because this brings down their concern cost. JetBlues marketing strategy is attracting potential customers by effectively communicating its vagary that low fares and good quality service are not ceaselessly mutually exclusive4.The main reasons for JetBlues operations being so cost effective are the importance given to technology and innovation and the search for extremely skilled and efficient staff known as Crewmembers. While hiring, they sample to match their corporate values with individuals values. In the last 10 years JetBlue has adopted a strategy of innovative marketing and profitability in the industry. Customers are given a $5 discount for booking online.They use diverse methods to advertise their offers and services such as promotional efforts, newspapers, radio, boob tube and targeted public relations. JetBlue also relies on promoting through Word-of-Mouth. They are socially amenable and beli eve in CSR- Corporate Social Responsibility. After the earthquake in Haiti on January 12th 2010, they collaborated with Ameri rear end Red Cross and asked people to give for those who have lost their families and their lifes earnings in the devastating earthquake5.DEVELOPED AND underdeveloped WORLD FOR JETBLUEJetBlue is a young and dynamic low fare airline only if it has been facing problems due to the stinting downturn. But they have been productive in differentiating their services from their competitors by providing high quality service at low fares. They have always tried to append the number of their operating destinations to overcome the financial crunch and increase their market base. Currently JetBlue operates in USA, Mexico and Central America and the advantage it has of working in developed countries comparable USA and the developing ones a bid Mexico and Central Ameri whoremonger countries is that they have same culture and similar expectations from their airline services and substantial amount of American population is Mexican so there are numerous grass fliers which increases their customer base by substantial numbers. According to Pew Latino report of 2008, there were 12.7 million Mexican immigrants living in USA in 20086.There are potential threats also while operating in both developed and developing worlds i.e. the different political surroundings and their economies being interdependent. Due to the economic crisis in USA, economy of Mexico was also hugely affected. There are different rules and regulations for the airline industry in different countries which also depend on their economic condition i.e. whether they are developed or developing. Developed economies would probably deregulate more and developing economies would try to protect their own airline companies from the ones who come from outside to tap into the topical anesthetic market because this way they actually import services and the local coin goes out. This depr eciates their currency with respect to other foreign currencies.Government regulations, political perceptual constancy and economic condition of the countries differ from each other which make operations of industries like the Airline industry very difficult and makes the business environs very uncertain.SPICEJET AIRWAYSSpice jet is the second largest low cost airline in India. Earlier it was Modiluft airline. ModiLuft airline was the partnership between Indian industrial group Modi and Lufthansa. It is based in New Delhi and offers domestic short embroil services with 195 daily flights to 18 destinations in India including the big cities like Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai and Hyderabad7.SpiceJet is victimization a single-aircraft-type fleet like other low cost airlines. They are contemporaryly development 16 Boeing 737-800 and 5 Boeing 737-900ER.MARKETING STRATEGYSpiceJet is using the names of various spices for eg. Cinnamon, thyme etc. for their aircrafts. They h andle their marketing campaigns with very knavish tag line Flying for everyone. As SpiceJet is low cost airline, they are more focused upon offering lowest air fares to gain more market share. They entered the market using vary different pricing strategy i.e. Rs.99 fares for 99 days and 9000 seats available at this rate8. SpiceJet maintained their low price spice fare strategy and started to sell the air tickets for Rs.500 and Rs.999. The main idea behind this is that they wanted to keep their prices very similar to early class tickets of Indian Railways so that any person who affords that fare can be attracted by these airline fares. another(prenominal) advantage of doing this is that saves in trip time. Corporate benefit programs, Students discounts, discounts on group bookings are also one of the parts of their marketing strategy. They also offer air tickets with Rs.0 basic fare.Another thing we can observe is that almost 25% of their sales are on their web localize which show s that SpiceJet encourages the online bookings to eliminate the travel agents thus to bail out travel agents fee. They are also planning to increase their number of fleets in baseball club to increase their market share. They also rely on Word-of-Mouth like JetBlue does. SpiceJet also launched a new communication strategy which clearly moves onward from strategies based on price to value based strategies. This strategy focuses on long term prospects and positioning SpiceJet in a different way9.COMPLEXITIES REGARDING MARKETING AIRLINE INDUSTRY IN DEVELOPING WORLDThe market size of it for the low fare airline services is really small i.e. just 18 cities in 28 states. That amounts for a very small size of the total population. Airline is not like other products with which consumers have to move with on daily basis. The regular Indian traveler expects the same whether they are traveling from a low fare airline or a full service carrier with respect to some services like normal sani tation etc10.ENHANCING PERFORMANCESpicejets fleet includes Boeing 737-900ER, which earlier was fine for them to use because of cheap fuel prices but lately fuel prices have increased. and then to decrease their operating cost they can also include more fuel efficient aircrafts like ATR-72 for short infinite flights and Airbus 320 for long distance flights.They can also increase the number of destinations to reach economies of scale and to increase their revenues.STAY HERE OR EXPANDGiven the current economic condition of other countries and the financial situation of Spicejet they should stay in India only because in the developed countries the competitors are more financially stable and they can have a competitive advantage with respect to price and also being there before SpiceJet. Other airlines already operating in the developed countries have well established network and the experience to operate their because the government rules and regulations regarding differ from place to place and also depends on the current economic condition of the country. The cultural difference and the standard lifestyle of the customers are also different. The meaning of a low fare airline business leader be different for people from different countries and the minimum expectation from the airline services as well. Its true that to increase the revenues they should tap into the other markets but right now its not the right time to that. When they decide to do so they can consider an option of collaborating with some other players in the developed country market and gain some experience and know how while working with them before they decide to enter the market themselves. outcome1 http//www.brandchannel.com/features_effect.asp?id=412 https//trueblue.jetblue.com/web/trueblue/homejsessionid=F854ECF662888C47BD9AD0E3415B9862.l13 http//www.jetblue.com/about/ourcompany/annualreport/2002/our-people.html4http//www.hotelschool.cornell.edu/chr/pdf/showpdf/chr/research/casestudies/AAJe tBFinal_with_2002_financials.pdf?my_path_info=chr/research/casestudies/AAJetBFinal_with_2002_financials.pdf5 http//american.redcross.org/site/PageServer?pagename=corp_evergreens_company=jetblueairways-pubs_companycontent=jetblueairways-pubs_active=1s_dis1=0s_dis2=0s_dis3=1s_genops=0s_national=0s_military=0s_international=0s_local=0s_match=0s_src=FZZWGW00s_subsrc=jetblueairways-pub6 http//pewhispanic.org/files/factsheets/47.pdf7 SpiceJet Retrieved Jan 20 2010 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpiceJet8 SpiceJet Debuts with Rs.99 fare for 99 days Retrieved Jan 20 2010 http//www.spicejet.com/newspage.asp?strNews=99fares9 http//www.campaignindia.in/news/2009/08/10/spicejet-s-new-communication-strategy-attempts-to-delivervalue-10 http//www.campaignindia.in/news/2009/08/10/spicejet-s-new-communication-strategy-attempts-to-delivervalue-

Development of memory in infancy

Development of keeping in infancyDiscuss, with part to appropriate experimental studies, the victimisation of memory in infancy.Memory is the preciselyt of encryption, storing and retrieving culture. Encoding is the acquiring and the entering of information into the system. Storage is the retaining of the memories over time, and retrieval is recovering the stored memories when required to do so. Memory consists of three systems. Firstly there is the sensory memory, which is the perceptual system which stores whole the recently acquired images for long comme il faut to integrate it with the next, then producing an appargonnt motion. Secondly there is short-term memory that is a temporary storage for small quantities of information for a outline time. Finally the long-term memory system holds relatively permanent information. perusal the dampment of memory in infancy has many benefits, as it friends to study how memory develops over time. This knowledge from research b ottom be utilise to different rafttings, for example an educational setting, where the more a teacher understands well-nigh the memory development of children the more they sight occasion this information to come about childrens look ating therefore giving the best possible learning outcomes. This analyze will discuss the strategies work to help with encoding, storing and retrieving information. To help comp are the development of infants memory, studies with older children cause been admitd.Memory strategies are the ways in which multitude effectively remember information. These strategies include encoding strategies and retrieval strategies. Encoding strategies are use to help enter the information into the memory this can include recital, organisation and elaboration. narrative refers to the mental repetition of information. Brainerd and Reynas (2002) fuzzy characteristic speculation suggests there are two memory representations. These are unmediated abide by a nd gist trace. The verbatim trace refers to remembering information exactly, whereas gist trace is remembering the general meaning of the information. The gist trace representations last, alone the verbatim trace representations leads to more forgetting. Flavell, Beach and Chinsky (1966) studied rehearsal in 5 family, 7 twelvemonth and 10 category olds. Each age throng had 20 children, who were all given a set of 7 pictures. The children were told to sieve and remember some of the pictures. After a 15 souths gap, the children were asked to say clamorously the pictures they could rally. During the 15 seconds gap a lip reader assessed what they believed each children mogul have been saying to themselves. They pitch that two of the 5 division olds, more than half of the 7 year olds, and most of the 10 year olds recurrent the pictures to themselves. It was found that rehearsal lead to better mobilize. Flavell et al. (1966) found that age differences may show the developme nt of strategies used, much(prenominal) as rehearsal. Although some of the children may have been apply rehearsal strategies, but may non have move their lips. McGilly and Siegler (1990) carried out an extension on Flavell et al.s (1966) study, by also asking children to cover up how they remembered the pictures. They found a high amount of children (74%) subject fielded using rehearsal strategies. However only 39% were observed, by lip reading techniques, using rehearsal strategies. wherefore suggesting that children of all ages use rehearsal, notwithstanding it may non be as effectively used in young children (Smith, Cowie Blades, 2003). This would apologise age differences in draw back in Flavell et al.s (1966) study. Ornstein, Naus and Liberty (1975) compared the rehearsal strategies of 7 year olds and adults. Participants were given a countersign to remember every 5 seconds, and asked to say aloud what they were thinking. They found that children repeated the word until the next word was given, then they would repeat the next word. Whereas adults repeated the word until they were given the second word, then they would repeat both words. Therefore showing that adults effectively used organization, but 7 year old children did not use this at all. This is primal in showing that children use rehearsal strategies, but they leave out the knowledge of how to effectively use such strategies.A study by Naus, Ornstein and Aivano (1977) taught 8 year olds a strategy of rehearsing in groups of three. They found that the 8 year olds could recall the same amount as 12 year olds, subsequently being taught the chunking strategy. Therefore jr. children can do this, but the organization of rehearsal does not occur naturally at these ages. Organisation, or chunking, is the grouping of information in an effective way to help with encoding. Moely, Olson, Halwes Flavell (1969) showed children a set of pictures that were in a random order in laid out in front of them. The set included pictures of animals and furniture, for example. The children were instructed to learn all the pictures and if it helped them they were allowed to rearrange the pictures. It was found that the children of 10 geezerhood and older had effectively used organisation strategies, as 10 year olds had categorised pictures correspond to whether it was an animal, or a piece of furniture, etc. As with rehearsal strategies, the younger children were not effectively using the organisation strategy. The children use this strategy, but do not seem to have developed knowledge of how it is best to be used, like the older children had.Elaboration is the strategy when wad make associations between given information to help with encoding and the subsequent recall of this information. Foley, Wilder, McCall and train Vorst (1993) gave 6 and 9 year olds verbal images to help them to recall pairs of words. The childrens recall was better if the image was basic, yet memorable. P ressley and Levin (1980) found that children of 7 years could use elaboration if an effective image was given with the pair of words, of which one was position and the other was its Spanish equivalent. This led to children learning the words better. Therefore children can use elaboration as an encoding strategy when given support, but the use of elaboration by themselves had not yet developed fully. As Buckhalt, Mahoney and Paris (1976) found when children first begin to use elaborations they use simple, unchanging elaboration, whereas older children use active elaborations. Active elaborations are images that are characteristic and therefore remembered better, allowing for a better recall.Leichtman and Ceci (1995) studied the reli tycoon of childrens testimony. The study was set in a preschool, where a stranger, surface-to-air missile Stone, came in for a day. near of the children were then given suggestive hearings every week for four weeks after. altogether of the children were interviewed on the fifth week, by a new interviewer, who had not seen surface-to-air missile Stone or any of the previous interviews. The children were firstly asked for a report of what happened on the day of Sam Stones visit, and then asked questions. The leading questions had led a high majority of the 3-4 year olds to make false claims, although the 5-6 year olds were slight likely to do this. Therefore younger childrens encoding is effected by what is inferred by other people, for example the leading questions in Leichtman and Cecis (1995) study inferred that Sam Stone had done something wrong, this lead to 72% of the 3-4 year olds saying he had done it, and 44% even claiming to have seen him do it. The older children were not affected by the leading questions as much, therefore showing that the encoding for the older children may have been better as they felt effective in what they could recall. Retrieval strategies are the ways in which people recall information from l ong-term memory. Kreutzer, Leonard and Flavell (1975) studied how 5 and 10 year olds would cure information from long-term memory. They used a story and asked the children how they could remember the answer. Kreutzer et al. (1975) found all 10 year olds could think of one way at least, whereas only half the 5 year olds could do this. Therefore the 5 year olds had not all developed effective retrieval strategies. Kobasigawa (1974) used 24 pictures, from 8 categories, for children of 6, 8 and 11 years of age to learn. along with the pictures the children were shown 8 pool stick cards, one for each category. Later on the children were shown the inform cards and asked to recall the earlier pictures. A third of the 6 year olds used the cue cards, whereas most of the older groups did this. The 11 year olds only effectively used the cue cards, by using them to help take in all the pictures they could remember from that category. The 6 and 8 year olds who used the cue cards, only named one picture from each category. Therefore suggesting that the 6 year olds had not developed the knowledge of how to use cue cards. The 8 year olds knew to use the cue cards, but they didnt know exactly how to use them. Therefore full knowledge of the usefulness of cue cards must develop later on, as the 11 year olds could use them effectively. Retrieval cues, such as cue cards, are strong aids to recall, according to Nelson (1990) people have no early memories because verbal cues are used as retrieval cues. Simcock and Hayne (2002) assessed the language skills of infants of 27, 33 and 39 months, and then tested the infants verbally and non-verbally. The infants were then tested on their recall at 6 or 12 months later. Simcock and Hayne (2002) found retention on both verbal and non-verbal recall, however non-verbal memory recall was better than verbal. They also found that verbal recall reflected the verbal abilities at the time of encoding, therefore showing that encoding is importa nt in the recall of information.Overall many of the basic processes are seen at birth, and are crucial from the early days. Memory strategies develop from the second year, but only pay back predominant between 5 to 7 years old, these strategies include rehearsal, organisation and elaboration. With age comes the development of quality, frequency, flexibility and the effective use of these strategies. Changes in the efficiency with age of encoding can be seen, as at the age of 2-5 years children can hold from 2 to 4 pieces of information in short-term memory, and at 7 years this is increase to 5 pieces of information. This is through the effective use of rehearsal, as this helps the child to become better at registering information as well as organising it and therefore helping to make storage and retrieval easier.Meta-cognitive skills refer to knowing that you know. unverbalized knowledge of meta-cognition skills can be seen later on in infancy, whereas pellucid knowledge develops from the age of 5 to 15. In general children under-report, therefore circumstantial questioning leads to greater reporting and prevents the information from decay. To increase retrieval of information in infants it is important to encourage them to think deeply about what they are being asked to remember (Butler, Gross Hayne, 1995). The phrasing of the question can distinctly lead children into the answer they think the interviewer wants, as Leichtman and Cecis (1995) study has shown.An important state to study in memory is forgetting, as a lot can be learnt about memory from what is not remembered as well as what is. For example, Hartshorn et al. (1998) found that infants aged between 2 and 18 months exhibited retention after the shortest test delays. They also found as the interval increased the younger infants were the first to forget, this is determined by project. This study shows that forgetting is affected by experience therefore what is remembered must also be affected by experience. look into into memory development in infants needs to take into account the biological side, as the brain is still changing and developing itself and plays a immense role in memory.ReferencesButler, S., Gross, J., Hayne, H. (1995). The effect of drawing on memory instruction execution in young children. Developmental Psychology, 31, p. 597-608.Brainerd, C. J., Reyna, V. F. (2002). Fuzzy-trace theory and false memory. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, p. 164-169.Buckhalt, J.A., Mahoney, G. J., Paris, S. G. (1976). Efficiency of self-generated elaborations by EMR and nonretarded children. American daybook of psychological Deficiency, 81, p. 93-96.Flavell, J. H., Beach, D. R., Chinsky, J. M. (1966). Spontaneous verbal rehearsal in a memory tax as a function of age. pincer Development, 37, p. 283-299.Foley, M. A., Wilder, A., McCall, R., Van Vorst, R. (1993). The consequences for recall of childrens ability to generate interactive imagery in th e absence of external supports. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 56, p. 173-200.Hartshorn, K., Rovee-Collier, C., Gerhardstein, P., Bhatt, R. S., Klein, P. J., Aaron, F., Wondoloski, T. L., Wurtzel, N. (1998). Developmental changes in the specificity of memory over the first year of life. Developmental Psychobiology, 33, p. 61-78.Kobasigawa, A. (1974). Utilization of retrieval cues by children in recall. nipper Development, 45, p. 127-134.Kreutzer, M. A., Leonard, C., Flavell, J. H. (1975). An interview study of childrens knowledge about memory. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 40, p. 1-58.Leichtman, M., Ceci, S. (1995). The cause of stereotypes and suggestions on preschoolers reports. Developmental Psychology, 31, p. 568-578.McGilly, K., Siegler, R. S. (1990). The influence of encoding and strategic knowledge on childrens choices among serial recall strategies. Developmental Psychology, 26, p. 931-941.Moely, B. E., Olson, F. A., Halwes, T. G., Flavell, J. H. (1969). Production deficiency in young childrens clustered recall. Developmental Psychology, 1, p. 26-34.Naus, M. J., Ornstein, P. A., Aivano, S. (1977). Developmental changes in memory The effects of processing time and rehearsal instructions. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 23, p. 237-251.Nelson, K. (1990). Remembering, forgetting, and childhood amnesia. In R. Fivush J. A. Hudson (Eds.), Knowing and remembering in young children. P. 301-306. New York Cambridge Univ. Press.Ornstein, P. A., Naus, M. J., Liberty, C. (1975). Rehearsal and organizational processes in childrens memory. Child Development, 46, p. 818-830.Pressley, M., Levin, J. R. (1980). The development of mental imagery retrieval. Child Development, 61, p. 973-982.Simcock, G., Hayne, H. (2002). Breaking the barrier Children do not translate their preverbal memories into language. Psychological Science, 13, p. 225-231.Smith, P. K., Cowie, H., Blades, M. (2003). reasonableness Childrens De velopment (4th Edition). Blackwell.

ANALYTICAL REPORT OF WENDYS IN NEW ZEALAND

ANALYTICAL REPORT OF WENDYS IN NEW ZEALANDThe shoot for of this extend is to create an analytical report on mentioning cheeks r break divulge jobs and designateing the strategies of the effect including an alternative action plan. In this report we have attempted to break the root system worry by using the BCG matrix abridgment and courting Effect analysis. Also we have shown the strategy for the ancestor of root worry. subsequently identifying the root problem, we leave behind go through with(predicate) the resolving on how to recover the problem and how we reach to a suitable decision on which offcome call fors to be taken into action.This report is divided into three sections. The prototypical section includes the introduction of the report, conception of submit, structure of study and overview of report. In the adjoining section whizz bequeath draw the important body which includes own and Effect analysis and BCG Matrix analysis of the Wendys O ld Fashion Hamburgers Organization. It to a fault includes identification of root problem, kick upion to use the specific consequence to the root problem. In the last and final section one allow decide the learning outcome of the report, limitations of study and its recommendations and overall summary of the report.The methodology utilize in this report is that we have collected entropy on the footing of work experience in the brass.This report is only helpful to the readers who urgency to gain k instantaneouslyledge regarding specific shapings root problem and its solution to play the identified problem. It toilette likewise be used by the governing body itself to see what needs to be done in a scenario where their come with trade is tone ending down. It leave alone in like manner help them to see through their problems and will be able to remediate in future.INTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this report is to create an analytical report on identifying organizations ro ot problems and educeing the strategies of the solution including an alternative action plan. In this report we have attempted to identify the root problem by using the BCG matrix analysis and typeface Effect analysis. Also we have shown the strategy for the solution of root problem. later identifying the root problem, we will go through the solution on how to rectify the problem and how we reach to a meet decision on which solution needs to be taken into action.This report is divided into three sections. The premier(prenominal) section includes the introduction of the report, purpose of study, structure of study and overview of report. In the fol confuseding section one will find the main body which includes bring in and Effect analysis and BCG Matrix analysis of the Wendys Old Fashion Hamburgers Organization. It excessively includes identification of root problem, suggestion to use the specific solution to the root problem. In the last and final section one will find the learning outcome of the report, limitations of study and its recommendations and overall summary of the report.OVERVIEWWendys Old forge Hamburgers is an international quick table service restaurant (QSR) chain restaurant ensnareed by Dave Thomas on November 15, 1969, in Columbus, Ohio, US., and moved headquarters to Dublin, Ohio on January 29, 2006. As of March 2010 Wendys was the worlds third largest hamburger fast food chain with some 6,650 locations. Wendys transportation consists primarily of hamburgers, volaille sandwiches, French fries and beverages, including the Frosty. The comp each does non have a signature sandwich, such as the Big mackintosh or the Whopper. Instead, the square burger patties it uses in its sandwiches are the signature item. The go with likewise advertises that its burgers are made from fresh ground beef, not frozen patties.As per our previous assignment, we would like to mention that we carried out the survey by compositors baptistery and Effec t and BCG Matrix analysis. By loss through the study we found out that the party was facing a root problems that were including un learn stave, counselling problem and weenie fruits. Above all we found that the face problem with the organization was misfortunate cut-rate sale of its accessions.PROBLEM IDENTIFIEDREASONSPERFORMANCE digest -To get along the real reason almost humiliated sale of Wendys we carried out performance analysis on the basis of echt sale versus coveted results. For that we have oppose last class sale with current year sale.DEVIATION OF THE PERFORMANCE -Through detail analysis we found that the stave turnover started to summation little by little and as well thither was sudden improver in the wastage of harvest-feasts. For example, the total wastage should be around pan of onions barely now it is subjoin to pan of onions. Also salads and baked potato are need to be thrown away as the comp both policy is not to carry over the harvest-hom e next day. So around 3 packets of salads and around 5 baked potato are thrown away.The provide were are also getting slow in product service cadence. For example, the product that has to be delivered indoors 60 seconds from drive thru and 30 seconds from look line was been delivered in 80 seconds and 50 seconds respectively.SPECIFIC PROBLEM -The actual problem in the organization is low sale as it has land down by 40% according to last year sales. last-place year in Lynfield Wendys, Auckland, New Zealand they did 2 jillion NZD amount of sale but at picture time it reduce to approximately 1.2 Million NZD amount of sale.PRECISE PROBLEM -To find out the precise problem we will be carrying out the cause and effect analysis.LOW gross salesCAUSE EFFECT1. Un skilled Staff1. Increase in client complains.2. Poor quality finished products.3. Wrong regulate to the guest.2. Management paradox1. Unsatisfied module2. No Co-ordination between manager and lag.3. Not victorian produc ts displayed in menu ( mouse click products).1. Increases the product cost.2. Increase in wastage of heavys.ANALYSISIn this section we will find out that on how we have reached to the causes of the organizations low sale.We have noticed in our study that the finished goods that are been inclined to the customer are not made in a proper manner and thus the quality of the product has gone down. Also out-of-pocket to that the organization started receiving complaints regarding their products. Some times we noted that the staff are fetching wrong order and thus the product service takes time. While going through all these reasons we found that the root problem was staff were untrained. So repayable to this the face problem was caused.Secondly, we found that the co-ordination between the managers and the staff was not carried out mightily. Either the manager was not giving out the information to the staff or the staff was not listening to the manager. Also the staff was unsatisfie d because in the store they were working under assorted managers and with different orders. So the staff were getting confused and this delay the process of proper product service time. Also due to this the face problem of low sales was caused.At last, we found that the opposite root problem was regarding dog products i.e. the products displayed on the menu are not ordered by the customers as they are bit expensive than the competitors. Due to this there was increase in the wastage of these products which indirectly increased its cost. This all triggered in high budget and low profit.Above all the stated problems we have also identified opposite problems that has affected because of face problem and those are1. Regular staff not getting to a greater extent hours.2. Company growth is going down.BCG MATRIX reader- http//www.quickmba.com/strategy/matrix/bcg/Cash Cow = Beef Segment drop dead Product = $5 Meal and Baconator MealQuestion (?) Mark = sensationalistic Bites and Grill Ch ickenDog Products = Baked spudes and SaladCash Cow- In our chosen business, we have find out that Beef Segment is a Cash Cow. Beef segment is the fast selling product and if we compare with some other products all types of customer like beef segment because it is rattling popular, cheap, healthy and favorite product by customers subscribe. For example, if we serve 1000 customers in a day, then 700 customers order from the Beef Segment and thats a abundant 70% demand of the beef segment products. feature Product- In our chosen business, we have found that $5 Meal and Baconator are Star Products, as this products is the organizations second fast selling and also popular with closely of the time. Mostly customers like to buy $5 meal and Baconator meal because in these meals the business provides burger, fries and a drink of customers choice. We think that to convert it into bills frighten product, they need to advertise it properly and if the company is launching any forward-l ooking product then the launching time of upstart product should be veracious. It shouldnt affect the ground levelet of current star product.? Mark- During our study we came to an inference that Chicken bites and Grilled Chicken are considered to be ? mark product. The reason behind this is that, these product are neither cash cow nor star product. So to convert in star product, they have to do proper advertisement and they should also start selling these products as onward motion or in a special deal.Dog Product- At last in out findings we have found that Baked Potato and Salads as Dog Products because these product are there in the menu for ache time but are not been sold or ordered. So they should replace these products with other product or modify the present product. They lavatory also bring back the products which where in demand before and has been stop due to the supply of the raw material like chicken stripes.SOLUTIONIn this section we will be providing the solution for the causes that has affected the organizations sale. We will be giving solution as mentioned below-1. untrained STAFF -We will suggest the organization to retrain their untrained staff because in our finding we found that they are not taking the order properly and misplacing the order sometime. They are also behaving bit rude to the customers. By doing so there will be an improvement in customer service and quality of the product. Also they will manage to take correct orders from the customers. This will increase the customer satisfaction and the sale will gradually go up.2. worry PROBLEM -In this section, we have come to the conclusion that the managers are not passing the information to the crew member in a proper manner. Also during the time where there are ii managers working, if one manager manifests the crew to carry out certain duties and during the equal time the other manager tells the equivalent crew to do other things than the crew member is confused and dont under wrack whose order to follow. So we would suggest that there should be a hierarchy of passing the information to the crew. To earn this issue we would recommend the organization to communicate with their managers and tell them that they pass on the information to the staff in a proper procedural manner. By doing so the staff will understand what their managers are saying and it will reduce the product service time. Also we will train them accordingly.3. hang back PRODUCTS -In this section we have found that certain products are as Dog Products, because these product are there in the menu for long time but are not been sold or ordered. So they should replace these products with other product or modify the present product. They piece of tail also bring back the products which where in demand preliminary and has been stopped due to the supply of the raw material. To resolve this problem we would suggest the organization to re-organized their product menu. We would also recomme nd them to remove the dog products and add new products if possible. This will bring the customers in and the sale will start going up automatically.STRATEGIES FOR THE SOLUTIONIn this section we will be mentioning the strategies for the solution. The same are mentioned below.1. UNTRAINED STAFF -In the organization there is an steal summons to carry out product preparation and customer service. These appendage includes videos, books, learning under study manager and at last carrying out exam/test of the staff. We would recommend the organization to redo these procedures again with their staff. We would suggest them that out of 100% of the training procedure they should give 30% ferocity on videos as by seeing the videos they will understand the procedure. posterior 25% emphasis on books to learn about the order taking and customer service procedure and how to up-sell the products to the customers. Next around 25% emphasis on training the staff under trained staff or training manager. At last, they should give the rest 20% criteria to carry out exam/test that will let them sleep with where the staff stand and what needs to be done to improve the knowledge and ability of the staff.2. MANAGEMENT PROBLEM -For this we will like the managers to be trained in an take over manner so that they carry out their duties properly. We will recommend the organization that they put at least 50% concentration on show the managers the managerial videos and training session again so that they are subject about their role in the organization. We will suggest them to put 30% emphasis to carry out manager and staff meeting on regular basis as this will increase confidence within the managers and staff and also their queries will be heard and solved. This will increase co-ordination between the staff and managers during their work schedule. And at last we will tell them to apply 20% emphasis on practical training as this will help the managers to carry out specific task pr operly and also not indulge in other managers task as this will mislead the staff.3. DOG PRODUCTS -To make sure that this strategy flora out we will recommend the organization to put at least 70% emphasis to carry out survey on what customers demand from the organization. Like, there are customer feedback forms addressable with in the store, so they foundation ask customers to fill up the feedback form. If the products demanded by the customers can be include in the menu than it should be included as soon as possible. And later 30% emphasis on the products that were in demand earlier and has been stopped due to the availability of the raw material, should be made available to the customers. This will bring back the customers to the store and the sale of the organization will increase gradually.ALTERNATIVE ACTIONAlternative action is a suggestion, which we can be used if the main strategy of solution to resolve the problems is not effective. Some alternative actions are mentioned below.Change staff-If in case the strategies that were used earlier like training the current staff did not work out than we will recommend to mixed bag that said staff with the new staff. We will suggest them to go through the training procedure again. They should motivate the new staff and by doing so the staff will be more dedicated towards its work.Change Management-After providing the training to the present manager, If they still continue to behave rude with the staff and also not passing the required information to the staff than they should either get the manager from another store or hire a new manager and provide them sufficient training.Change product-If the dog product is not selling then we will change the product because these product are there in the menu for long time but are not been sold or ordered. So they should replace these products with other product or modify the present product to ? Mark product or star product which will increase the sale. They can also br ing back the products which where in demand earlier and has been stopped due to the supply of the raw material.CONSEQUENCES OF ALTERNATIVE ACTIONIf we change the staff there will be some resultant like it can increase the cost of the company as more time will be spend on the training of the new staff and more time will be taken in the product service. After training the new staff, if the organization understand that the new staff is under performing than they will have to more efforts and time to make that staff more efficient and reliable to the work assigned. For doing that they might have to keep that staff under training managers observation and this will increase the cost which can lead to more loss. Also there can be a function where the old staff that has been removed from the organization might report to the spousal relationship and this will increase time to deal the issue, as they do not have time and money to spend on these matters. The good case can be that it can so lve the problem of the trained staff that were not performing up to the mark.Same as staff,if we change the manager,it will create some consequence for company like it will increase cost of company because the new manager has to be given managerial training and also they have to remain under the trained managers till the time they are suitable for the role. There will be two managers at the same time and the organization has to pay some(prenominal) the managers instead of one. Also there can be a dapple where the old manager that has been removed from the organization might report to the union and this will increase time to deal the issue, as they do not have time and money to spend on these matters. Also hiring a new manager is not an easy task as one has to organize interviews and then choose perfect manager for management. The good consequence is, new manager can solve the problem and help the company to achieve its goal.If we change the products there will be some consequence like it will increase companys cost as they never know what sort of product is demanded by the customer and more training has to be given to the staff and manager in the preparation of the new product. Also, if the expiry date of product is less then it will increase company cost. Only good consequence is that the new product might increase companys sale.FINAL DECISIONAfter carrying out the survey, we have decided that we cannot suggest the alternative action as by doing so the cost of the organization will increase and the organization is not in a situation right now to carry out such an increase, as the sale of the organization is low. So will stick to the solution that is provided in the estimable survey i.e. providing training to the staff, also train the managers again and remove the dog product by replacing them with ? mark products or star products, also try re-introducing the products that were there in demand earlier.CONCLUSIONWith the help of this analysis we would like to conclude that the organization have list of problems but the main problem is of sales. In this report we have identified the root problem of the organization and suggested the necessary solution as well as alternative solution that can be carried out to solve the root problem.boilersuit this was a good experience conducting a analysis on identifying the burden problem within the organization. But if some one needs any help through this analysis he/she can be treasured going through the detailed report. They can also understand about the various solution to the said root problem that can be there with in the organization and how to create a strategic solution to resolve these problems.This report contains only one limitation that is solely on our experience and can differ in other methods of report.

Environmental Toxicology and Human Health

environmental Toxicology and Human Healthenvironmental Toxicology and Human HealthEnvironmental Toxicology is a field of science with various disciplines involved in the field of operations of the adverse cause of various personal, chemical substance substance and biological federal agents on biography organisms particularly animals, birds and fishes (Philp, 2001, pp. 10-11).Physical agents.They be sources of energy that whitethorn have nix effects on gentlemans gentleman wellness and that of biological organisms such as fish, birds and animals (Philp, 2001, pp. 20-25). One such agent is noise which digest be be as unwanted sound. Noise has both fixed and temporary ruin to the ears rendering one incapable of hearing or upshoting to tinnitus both of which are irreparable (McCally, 2002, pp. 58-67). Noise in the workplace as well as poses a holy terror to the workers in that they may fail to hear sounds indicating threats. Vibration, excessively a physical agent is cat egorized into two consecrate-arm quiver (HAV) and whole body vibration (WBV). Continuous exposure to HAV has been proven to moderate to hand-arm vibration syndrome a permanent and incapacitating health effect such as musculoskeletal disorders of the hand (McCally, 2002). On the other hand, continued exposure to WBV is associated with atrocious pain on the small-scaleer posterior. Optical radiation also has round grim effects on the health of people. Ultraviolet radiation emanated by the sun presents the boundary danger to our health. When exposed to the eyes it may lead to spoiled cornea and severe pain while exposure on the skin may convert from burning, redness and hastened ageing through skin dirty dogcer of different types. electromagnetic fields (EMFs) generated due to electrical energy used may also be detrimental (Philp, 2001). Though they seldom occur, constant exposure to the EMFs spate result to severe effects depending on the frequency of the radiation. Electric ity chamberpot also be viewed as a threat since it may lead to death or severe injuries such as electric burns, thermal burns and electric burns to people. Last but not least(prenominal) we have ionizing radiation. Contact with low-level ionizing radiations may lead to cancer and desoxyribonucleic acid mutations while high-level exposures cause radiation sicknesses and burns (Philp, 2001).biological agents.These intromit bacteria, viruses, fungi, other microorganisms and toxins associated with them. While some of these agents have no harmful price reduction on the human health, others have the potential to affect the human health in various ways ranging from moderately mild, allergic reactions to serious medical exam illnesses even demise. These agents occur widely in the environment (Environmental Toxicology And Human Health, n.d.). biologic agents have the capacity to reproduce rapidly, require little resources to live and can poison at very small back breakers thus they a re a probable danger in a widely in our environment. Biological agents can be categorized into four sets according to their severity of transmitting and likelihood of prevention and treatment (McCally, 2002, pp. 150-200). Group 1 agents are those with low chances of causing ill effects to the organisms. Group two consists those unhealthfulities that are insecure for the workers but chances of spreading to the community are very minimal. Group 3 agents are those that can cause severe human disease, pose a serious threat to the workers and are likely to spread to the community. However, these toxicities can be treated. Group 4 agents are similar to crowd 3 agents draw off for the fact that there is no effective management for them. These are some of the most contagious and extensive biological agents anthrax, botulism, avian flu, and Ebola (Environmental Toxicology And Human Health, n.d.). chemical agents.These are as a result of the products we use in our mean solar day to day d oings. Pesticides are a perfect instance of chemical toxins (Lakind). Pesticides stay on in the environment long after their use which can result in bioaccumulation of chemicals in various organisms along with biomagnification within a group of organisms that depend on each other for food. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is another agent that was banned due to its negative effects on living organisms (Lakind). The reactions chemical toxicities is dependent on several factors that I will briefly discuss. suppurate is a significant aspect in establishing the response to a toxic chemical (Lakind). For example, parathion is more lethal to young animals. Although very rare, sex can determine the response to a toxicant. For instance, when exposed to parathion the female rat is double as affected as the male rat. The responses to a toxic chemical also depends on the species (Safe). For example, insecticides are lethal to insects but relatively non-toxic to animals. perniciousness o f a chemical is determined by factors such as the dosage-it is the most critical factor if a substance will be lancinating or a chronic toxicant (Lakind). The have that a chemical agent is in also defines its toxicity. For instance, the poisonousness of mercury in gas form is very different from methyl mercury. The entry point of a toxin is also a measure of its toxicity. One other factor is the rate of remotion from an organisms system. According to Paracelsus all substances are poisons only the dose differentiates whether it is a poison or a remedy (Safe).Exposure perspicacity is the process of establishing the regularity, period and expansiveness of exposure to toxicities together with the traits and number of the race exposed. Methods of exposure assessment include direct and indirect approach (Philp, 2001, pp. 100-108). In direct approach exposure to the agents is determined by monitoring the pollutant assiduousnesss stretchability the person while in indirect approach th e toxicant concentration is measured during specific human activities to predict the exposure distributions within a population (McCally, 2002). Epidemiology is important to research studies of environmental health since many environmental exposures can be addressed only by comparing populations instead of individuals and the interruption of both local and universal environments require us to happen up with new methods of study design that is epidemiology. The epidemiologic approach to studying environmental health problems has its limitations. One of such constraint is the quick changes in the health and nutritional status of many populations that have been affected majorly which may lead to inconclusive results (Safe). Another limitation is the fact that data tranquil through epidemiology is often ignored and limited by factors such as limited resources, personal priorities, political concerns and public relations (Philp, 2001). Since epidemiology depends on valid data, restric tion on the gathering of data can be considered a constraint. This may be due to insecurity or lack of resources preventing the researchers from submitting surveillance data (Safe).References.Environmental Toxicology And Human Health. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//docsfiles.com/pdf_environmental_toxicology_and_human_health.htmlLakind, J. S. (n.d.). Workshop on Human milk Surveillance and Research on Environmental Chemicals in the United States. ledger of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A.McCally, M. (2002). Life support the environment and human health. MIT Press.Philp, R. B. (2001). Ecosystems and human health toxicology and environmental hazards. Lewis Publishers.Safe, S. (n.d.). Toxicology, Structure-Function Relationship, and Human and Environmental Health Impacts of Polychlorinated Biphenyls Progress and Problems. Environmental Health Perspectives.

Seasonal Affective Disorder and its Effects :: Seasonal Affective Disorder Health Essays

seasonal worker Affective ailment and its EffectsWhy is it that in dark, doubtful stomach I take on a gloomy reputation? Why do suicide rates drastically increase during the pass months? Why is the overall student body at USC much happier than the average out Mawrtyr? Why do I constantly find myself fatigued and foggy when the weather outside is lousy?For one reason or an early(a), I allow the whims of Mother Nature to determine how I think and feel. If I wake up and the sun is brightly shining through my windowpane creating a beautiful mixture of dark and light shadows, I dead feel happy and look forward to the day ahead. On the other hand, if I wake up and look out onto another dim and cold day in February at Bryn Mawr, I go the ache desire to crawl back into bed and catch some Zs the day a bureau. I am not alone in that my mood and disposition be determined daily during those first few moments in which I am awake. In fact, this phenomenon is shared by many. The genera l feeling of winter falling off coupled with normal mood in the summer has been around for centuries, exclusively it was not until the 1980s that it was characterized as a type of clinical first (1). Psychologists have long been studying the effects of what they now refer to as Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), the biological condition associated with changes in weather patterns.Can Seasonal Affective Disorder be considered a true(p) medical condition? Everyone reacts to the changing seasons with corresponding changes in mood and behavior, solely some experience more severe symptoms which alter their whole way of life. The symptoms of Seasonal Affective Disorder tend to first appear in late September when the days get shorter and the temperatures drop, and last until April or May. Seasonal Affective Disorder is characterized by recurring periods of depression lasting for at least two successive years of seasonal change (2). new(prenominal) symptoms include a voracious appetite involving a high boodle craving and accompanied by a 10-20 pound weight gain, sleep problems, memory loss, suicidal thoughts, problems concentrating, and an overall lack of interest in or enjoyment of activities. Unlike other forms of clinical depression, Seasonal Affective Disorder involves the cyclical pattern of depression that comes as the amount of daylight hours diminish and disappears as the days get longer (1). SAD patients often have hypersomnia during the winter and become manic or hyperactive in the spring.

Ironic Circumstances in Greasy Lake by T.C. Boyle Essay -- Greasy Lake

Ironic Circumstances in Greasy Lake by T.C. Boyle Sudden and Ironic events that happen to the vote counter in T.C. Boyles piffling story Greasy Lake ar the same type of events that in an s will change a person forever. The ironic circumstances that the narrator in Greasy Lake finds himself in are the same circumstances that early people find themselves in when fighting fight. The viewpoint of the world that the narrator has, completely alters as certain events take place throughout the story. His watch on character transforms into a wholly different standpoint as the story progresses. As his tale begins, the narrator sees himself as a gawk guy or bad character. He believes he is invincible. on that point is nobody as cool as he is or as dangerous as him and his friends are. With his followers, the narrator goes to Greasy Lake, he takes in the nature that surrounds him. He thinks of himself to be a kid who knows everything. To him, the lake repre directs a night of misbehaviour and partying. The unhealthy, treacherous atmosphere of Greasy Lake is alluring, fun, and exciting to someone as sullen as he is. We went up to the lake because everyone went there, because we wanted to snuff the rich sent of possibility on the breeze, watch a girl take discharge her clothes and plunge into the festering murk, drink beer, smoke pot, howl at the stars, savor the incongruous full-throated roar of rock and roll against the primeval susurrus of frogs and crickets. This was nature. This quote gives a clear idea of what the narrators perception of what not only if nature is, but of what the world is. He lives to have fun. He is venturesome and lives for the moment. All that life is to him is sex, drugs, and rock and roll. His observations of surrounding nature changes after a few ironic incidents occur. The role he plays reverses itself and he finds that he is and a scared child who is lost and alone in a big scary world. While at Greasy Lake, he is concern in a terrible fight where he almost kills some other person, and attempts the heinous crime of rape onto an innocent girl. As he begins to multitude rape an innocent victim he is forced to run for his throw caoutchouc when more people show up at the scene. Ironically, in fightdly minutes he converts from being the bad guy, forcing himself on an unwilling victim, to fit a scared kid hiding in the woods from attackers. While... ...but scared children who are alone and lost in the world, the kids who fought battle in Vietnam went to war thinking they knew all of the answers and somewhere in the middle of it all they recognize that they are scared kids who dont understand what is going on the world around them. They wish only to be in the safety of their mothers home. Everything in the story symbolizes and relates to the truth in war, attitude and actions that cause war are the same that take place with the characters inGreasy lake. The changes that the narrator goes through at Greasy lake are similar changes that happened in youngish kids who fought in the Vietnam War. The installment of events that take place at Greasy Lake cause the narrator to start out up and see reality for the first time in his life. The young nineteen year olds who fought in Vietnam went through the same metamorphose as the narrator in Greasy Lake did, War is started by plain tomfoolery and you figure it out when its too late and there is nix that can be done to change your actions. The characters in Greasy lake are allegorically young men who fought war, their actions and feelings grasp and relate to the actions and feelings of war.

Nuclear Medicine Essay -- nuclear medicine medical

Nuclear medical specialty is the use of radioisotopes for diagnosis, treatment, and research. Radioactive chemical tracers emit gamma rays which provides diagnostic selective information to the highest degree a persons an specky and the functioning of specific organs. Radioisotopes argon in addition utilizes in treatments of diseases such as cancer. It is estimated that approximately one in twain people in Western countries are likely to experience the benefits of atomic medicine in their lifetime.To understand what a radioactive isotope is a staple fibre understanding of the atom is necessary. Atoms are comprised of three subatomic particles protons, neutrons and electrons. Protons and neutrons bind unneurotic to form the heart and soul of the atom, while the electrons surround and orbit the nucleus. Protons and electrons have antagonist charges and therefore attract one another (electrons are negative and protons are positive, and opposite charges attract), and in most cases the number of electrons and protons are the uniform for an atom (making the atom neutral in charge). The neutrons are neutral. Their purpose in the nucleus is to bind protons unneurotic. Because the protons all have the same charge and would naturally snub one another, the neutrons act as glue to hold the protons tightly together in the nucleus.While all atoms of the same component have the same number of protons, it is possible for atoms of one element to have different numbers game of neutrons. Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes . For example, all atoms of the element speed of light have 6 protons, but while most carbon atoms have 6 neutrons, some have 7 or 8. Isotopes are named by giving the name of the element followed by the sum of the neutrons and protons in the isotopes nucl... ...why does the technologist step behind a shield to prevent moving picture to themself? The ray dose for each exam is relatively small, but e preciseplace time, the dose can add up. There are many pass on and federal regulations limiting the total radiation dose that may be received by people working with radiation. To comply with those regulations, the technologist moldiness follow strict precautions to keep their cumulative exposure to a minimum.Although no adverse health effects have been directly linked to low-dose radiation exposure, the medical community is playing it safe with regards to radiation. Most physicians are very careful about ordering radiologic tests. They should not order a canvass unless it will improve patient care. If you have a question about the importance or the necessity of a radiologic test that has been ordered for you, be sure to ask your physician.